IMPACT OF COVID-19 UPON THE MENTAL HEALTH OF HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN: REVIEW ARTICLE
Keywords:
COVID-19, healthcare workers, mental health
Abstract
Background: The pandemic COVID-19 affected all sections of society globally including Healthcare workers (HCWs). The numerous studies showed the negative impact of COVID upon the mental health of healthcare workers and healthcare students in Pakistan.
Methods: Cross sectional studies of 12 articles selected out of which, 09 articles from Pakistan included. These articles were published in various journals of good impact factor. The two psychometric tools and questionnaires used to assess the prevalence. The participants included Healthcare workers, students, and graduates.
Results: Of the studies included, 64.3% HCW graduates followed by 44.9% nurses, 44.5% doctors and 35.7% students. Female HCWS, frontline HCWS, nurses, young staff were more likely to suffer from mental health issues, i.e., anxiety and depression.
Conclusion: During the recent pandemic COVID-19, a considerable number of HCWS struggled through various mental health issues. The findings call for a workable psychological intervention model especially designed for HCWS.
Keywords: COVID-19, healthcare workers, mental health
References
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24. Li Qi, Hu Jinsheng. Post-traumatic Growth and Psychological Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Serial Mediation Model. JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychiatry 2022; https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.780807. DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2022.780807. ISSN=1664-0640
25. Jahanshahi AA, Dinani MM, Madavani AN, Li J, Zhang SX. The distress of Iranian adults during the Covid-19 pandemic—more distressed than the Chinese and with different predictors. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87:124–5.
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27. Kendler KS, Gardner CO. Sex differences in the pathways to major depression: a study of opposite-sex twin pairs. Am J Psychiatry. 2014; 171: 426–35.
28. Cyranowski JM, Frank E, Young E, et al. Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression: a theoretical model. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000; 57: 21–7.
29. Patten SB, Wang JL, Williams JV, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of major depression in Canada. Can J Psychiatry. 2006; 51: 84–90.
30. Bebbington P, Dunn G, Jenkins R, et al. The influence of age and sex on the prevalence of depressive conditions: report from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2003; 15: 74–83.
2. https://covid19.who.int/
3. Billings J, Ching BCF, Gkofa V, Greene T, Bloomfield M. Experiences of frontline healthcare workers and their views about support during COVID-19 and previous pandemics: a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021 Sep 6;21(1):923. Doi: 10.1186/s12913- 021-06917-z. PMID: 34488733; PMCID: PMC8419805.
4. Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19 [article in Chinese] Huang JZ, Han MF, Luo TD, Ren AK, Zhou XP. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 2020; 38:192–195.
5. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, et al. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7:14.
6. Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams
aiding in COVID-19 control. Li Z, Ge J, Yang M, et al. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;1591:30309–30303.
7. "Pandemic fear" and COVID- 19: mental health burden and strategies. Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FH. Braz J Psychiatry. 2020; 42:232–235.
8. Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Lee SM, Kang WS, Cho AR, Kim T, Park JK. Compr Psychiatry. 2018; 87:123– 127.
9. Vizheh M, Qorbani M, Arzaghi SM, Muhidin S, Javanmard Z, Esmaeili M. The mental health of healthcare workers in the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020.
10. Imran, N., Haider, I.I., Mustafa, A.B. et al. The hidden crisis: COVID-19 and impact on mental health of medical students in Pakistan. Middle East Curr Psychiatry 28, 45 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-021-00123-7.
11. Sandesh R, Shahid W, Dev K, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Healthcare Professionals in Pakistan. Cureus. 2020;12(7): e8974. Published 2020 Jul 2. doi:10.7759/cureus.8974.
12. Sijbrandij M, Horn R, Esliker R, O'May F, Reiffers R, Ruttenberg L, Stam K, de Jong J, Ager A. The Effect of Psychological First Aid Training on Knowledge and Understanding about Psychosocial Support Principles: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jan 11;17(2):484.
13. Rana W, Mukhtar S, Mukhtar S. Mental health of medical workers in Pakistan during the pandemic COVID-19 outbreak. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020 Jun; 51:102080. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102080. Epub 2020 Apr 7. PMID: 32283512; PMCID: PMC7139243.
14. Hayat K, Arshed M, Fiaz I, Afreen U, Khan FU, Khan TA, Kadirhaz M, Shukar S, Saeed A, Gill MR, Fang Y. Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study from Pakistan. Front Public Health. 2021 Apr 26; 9:603602. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.603602. PMID: 33981657; PMCID: PMC8107369.
15. Abid A,Shahzad H,Khan HA,Piryani S,Khan AR,Rabbani F.Perceived risk and distress related to Covid 19 n healthcare versus non- healthcare workers of Pakistan: a cross sectional study. Hum Resour Health (2022) 20:11.
16. Kamlesh Kumari Sharma, Ravneet Kaur, Muthuvenkatachalam Srinivasan, Siddarth Sarkar, Kalaivani Mani, Yamya Sharma, Sandhya Gupta. Impact of COVID-19 on mental health of healthcare professionals working in COVID-19 designated clinical areas in India. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Sharma KK et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2021 Mar;8(3):1406-1414.
17. Coughlin SS. Anxiety and depression: linkages with viral diseases. Public Health Rev. 2012;34(2):1– 17.
18. Chang C. News coverage of health-related issues and its impacts on perceptions: Taiwan as an example. Health Commun. 2012;27(2):111–23.
19. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Network Open. (2020) 3: e203976. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976.
20. Albert PR. Why is depression more prevalent in women? J Psychiatr Neurosci.(2015) 40:219–21. doi: 10.1503/jpn.150205
21. Bartels M, Cacioppo JT, van Beijsterveldt TCEM, Boomsma DI. Exploring the association between well-being and psychopathology in adolescents. Behavior Genet. (2013) 43:17 7–9 0. doi: 10.1007/s10519-013-9589-7.
22. Tan BYQ, Chew NWS, Lee GKH. Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on health care workers in Singapore. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173 (4):317-20.
23. Chew NWS, Lee GKH, Tan BYQ, Jing M, Goh Y, Ngiam NJH, et al. A multinational, multicenter study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 88:559-65.
24. Li Qi, Hu Jinsheng. Post-traumatic Growth and Psychological Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Serial Mediation Model. JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychiatry 2022; https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.780807. DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2022.780807. ISSN=1664-0640
25. Jahanshahi AA, Dinani MM, Madavani AN, Li J, Zhang SX. The distress of Iranian adults during the Covid-19 pandemic—more distressed than the Chinese and with different predictors. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87:124–5.
26. Chandratre, Sonal et al. “Supporting Medical Student Mental Health during COVID-19: Strategies Implemented for an Accelerated Curriculum Medical Campus.” Journal of medical education and curricular development vol. 8 23821205211006392. 20 May. 2021.
27. Kendler KS, Gardner CO. Sex differences in the pathways to major depression: a study of opposite-sex twin pairs. Am J Psychiatry. 2014; 171: 426–35.
28. Cyranowski JM, Frank E, Young E, et al. Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression: a theoretical model. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000; 57: 21–7.
29. Patten SB, Wang JL, Williams JV, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of major depression in Canada. Can J Psychiatry. 2006; 51: 84–90.
30. Bebbington P, Dunn G, Jenkins R, et al. The influence of age and sex on the prevalence of depressive conditions: report from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2003; 15: 74–83.
Published
2022-12-31
How to Cite
Mustafa, A. B., Mustafa, S., & Saleem, M. (2022). IMPACT OF COVID-19 UPON THE MENTAL HEALTH OF HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN: REVIEW ARTICLE. JOURNAL OF PAKISTAN PSYCHIATRIC SOCIETY, 19(04). Retrieved from https://jpps.pk/index.php/journal/article/view/198
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