UNDERSTANDING ALEXITHYMIA: A PSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE
Keywords:
alexithymia, psychosocial perspective, attachment styles, empathy.
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the review is to understand multifaceted construct of alexithymia and its association with psychosocial variables.
Method: A thorough examination of the literature on the construct of alexithymia was conducted, encompassing studies published over several years. The empirical findings over the years regarding various psychosocial variables, including attachment styles and empathy were also reviewed. The Sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidity of alexithymia with other mental health conditions were also analyzed.
Results: The review revealed that attachment bond plays a significant role in the development of alexithymia, childhood trauma due to unhealthy mother-infant bond can be one of the reasons for difficulty in understanding emotions which leads to difficulties in empathy as well. Furthermore, alexithymia has been found to be comorbid with depression, anxiety, autism and other mental illnesses.
Conclusion: The findings of the review suggests that alexithymia is an important construct which can influence various psychosocial aspects of life. Although some of the variables have been extensively studied, much remains to be unclear. Further research will add up value to comprehensively evaluate the impact of alexithymia on psychosocial aspects
Keywords: alexithymia, psychosocial perspective, attachment styles, empathy.
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References
Beadle, J.N., Paradiso, S., Salerno, A., McCormick, L.M. (2013). Alexithymia, emotional empathy, and self-regulation in anorexia nervosa. Ann Clinical Psychiatry, 25(2),107-20. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880788/
Berenbaum, H., & James, T. (1994). Correlates and retrospectively reported antecedents of alexithymia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56, 353–359. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200006)56.
Besharat, M.A. (2010). Relationship of alexithymia with coping styles and interpersonal problems. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 614-618. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.152.
Berthoz, S., & Hill, E. (2005). The validity of using self-reports to assess emotion regulation abilities in adults with autism spectrum disorder. European Psychiatry, 20(3), 291-298. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.06.013
Bird, G., & Viding, E. (2014). The self to other model of empathy: providing a new framework for understanding empathy impairments in psychopathy, autism, and alexithymia. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Review, 47, 520–532. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.021.
Bojner Horwitz, E., Lennartsson, A. K., Theorell, T. P., & Ullen, F. (2015). Engagement in dance is associated with emotional competence in interplay with others. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1096. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01096
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1988-98501-000
Brewer, R., Cook, R., & Bird, G. (2016). Alexithymia: a general deficit of interoception. Royal Society Open Science, 12(10),150-664. doi: 10.1098/rsos.150664.
Brüne, M. (2005). “Theory of mind” in schizophrenia: a review of the literature. Schizophrenia bulletin, 31(1), 21-42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbi002
Craig, D. (2015). How Do You Feel? An Interoceptive Moment with Your Neurobiological Self: Neurology Just Got More Interesting. British Journal of General Practice, 65(641):657–8. doi: 10.3399/bjgp15X687985.
De Rick, A. & Vanheule, S. (2006) The Relationship between Perceived Parenting, Adult Attachment Style and Alexithymia in Alcoholic Inpatients. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 1265-1270. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.08.010
De Rick, A., & Vanheule, S. (2007). Attachment styles in alcoholic inpatients. European Addiction Research. 13, 101–108. doi: 10.1159/000097940
Elizabeth, M., Jayne, H. W., & Alexandra, L. (2008). Understanding alexithymia: Associations with peer attachment style and mind-mindedness, Personality and Individual Differences, 45(2), 146-152. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.013.
Elmas, H. G., Cesur, G., & Oral, E. T. (2017). Alexithymia and Pathological Gambling: The Mediating Role of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 28(1). doi: 10.5080/u13779
Fossati, A., Acquarini, E., Feeney, J. A., Borroni, S., Grazioli, F., & Laura, E. (2009). Alexithymia and attachment insecurities in impulsive aggression. Attachment & Human Development, 11, 165–182. doi: 10.1080/14616730802625235
Franz, M., Popp, K., Schaefer, R., Sitte, W., Schneider, C., Hardt, J., & Braehler, E. (2008). Alexithymia in the German general population. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 43, 54-62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0265-1
Freyberger, H. (1997). Supportive psychotherapeutic techniques in primary and secondary alexithymia/discussion. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 28, 337–45. doi: 10.1159/000287080
Goldman, A. I. (1992). In defense of the simulation theory. Mind & Language, 7(1-2), 104–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.1992.tb00200.x
Härtwig, A. E., Sabine, A., Heekeren, H. R., & Heuser, I. (2020). No Words for Feelings? Not Only for My Own: Diminished Emotional Empathic Ability in Alexithymia. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,14. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00112
Joukamaa, M., Saarijärvi, S., Muuriaisniemi, M. L., & Salokangas, R. K. (1996). Alexithymia in a normal elderly population. Comprehensive psychiatry, 37(2), 144-147. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90576-3
Joukamaa, M., Pirkko, K., Minna, K., Juhani, J., Jussi, K., Jari, J., Juha, V., Kristian, L., & Marjo, J.M. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Finnish 20-item Toronto alexithymia scale. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 55(2), 123-127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480116694
Karukivi, M., Tolvanen, M., Karlsson, H., & Karlsson, L. (2015). Alexithymia and postpartum anxiety and depression symptoms: a follow-up study in a pregnancy cohort. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 36(4), 142-147. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/0167482X.2015.1089228
Kokkonen, P., Karvonen, J. T., Veijola, J., Läksy, K., Jokelainen, J., Järvelin, M. R., & Joukamaa, M. (2001). Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of alexithymia in a population sample of young adults. Comprehensive psychiatry, 42(6), 471-476. doi: https://doi.org/10.1053/comp.2001.27892
Laible, D. (2007). Attachment with parents and peers in late adolescence: Links with emotional competence and social behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(5),1185-1197. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.010
Lumley, M. A., Neely, L. C., & Burger, A. J. (2007). The assessment of alexithymia in medical settings: implications for understanding and treating health problems. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89(3), 230-246. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701629698
Marvin, R., Cooper, G., Hoffman K., & Powell, B. (2002). The Circle of Security project: attachment-based intervention with caregiver-pre-school child dyads. Attachment & Human Development, 4(1), 107-24. doi: 10.1080/14616730252982491.
McDougall, J. (1989). Theaters of the body: A psychoanalytic approach to psychosomatic illness. W. W. Norton & Company. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1989-98359-000
Moriguchi, Y., Decety, J., Ohnishi, T., Maeda, M., Mori, T., Nemoto, K., & Komaki, G. (2007). Empathy and judging other's pain: an fMRI study of alexithymia. Cerebral Cortex, 17(9), 2223-2234. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl130
Mul, C.L., Stagg, S.D., Herbelin, B., & Aspell, J.E. (2018). The Feeling of Me Feeling for You: Interoception, Alexithymia and Empathy in Autism. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorder, 48(9), 2953-2967. doi: 10.1007/s10803-018-3564-3.
Murphy, J., Brewer, R., Hobson, H., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2018). Is alexithymia characterized by impaired interoception? Further evidence, the importance of control variables, and the problems with the Heartbeat Counting Task. Biological Psychology. 136, 189-197. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.05.010.
Nemiah, J. C., & Sifneos, P. E. (1970). Affect and fantasy in patients with psychosomatic disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 127(12), 1653-1664. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01026
Nemiah, J. C., & Sifneos, P. E. (1972). Affect and fantasy in patients with psychosomatic disorders: Replication and extension. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 129(2), 211-216. Retrieved from http://www.antoniocasella.eu/archipsy/Parry_2012.pdf.
Oskis, A., Clow, A., Hucklebridge, F., Bifulco, A., & Jacobs, C. (2013). Understanding alexithymia in female adolescents: The role of attachment style. Personality and Individual Differences, 54 (1), 97-102. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.02
Paniccia, M., Paniccia, D., Thomas, S., Taha, T., & Reed, N. (2017). Clinical and non-clinical depression and anxiety in young people: A scoping review on heart rate variability. Autonomic Neuroscience, 208, 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2017.08.008.
Parker, J., Taylor, G., & Bagby, M. (2001). The relationship between emotional intelligence and alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 30 (1), 107-115. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00014-3.
Parker, J. D., Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2008). The 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: III. Reliability and factorial validity in a community population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(3), 279-285. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00578-0
Säkkinen, P., Kaltiala-Heino, R., Ranta, K., Haataja, R., & Joukamaa, M. (2007). Psychometric properties of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and prevalence of alexithymia in a Finnish adolescent population. Psychosomatics, 48(2), 154-161. doi: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.48.2.154
Schimmenti, A., & Caretti, V. (2018). Attachment, trauma, and alexithymia. Alexithymia: Advances in research, theory, and clinical practice, 127-141. Retrieved from: https://books.google.com.pk/books
Sifneos, P. E. (1973). The prevalence of “alexithymic” characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22(2-6), 255-262. doi: 10.1159/000286529
Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. (2003). The 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: IV. Reliability and factorial validity in different languages and cultures. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55(3), 277-283. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00601-3
Thorberg, F. A., Young, R. M., Sullivan, K. A., Lyvers, M., Hurst, C. P., Connor, J. P., Tyssen, R., London, E. D., Noble, E. P., & Feeney, G. F. X. (2016). A longitudinal mediational study on the stability of alexithymia among alcohol-dependent outpatients in cognitive–behavioral therapy. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(1), 64–72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000135
Valdespino, A., Antezana, L., Ghane, M., & Richey, J. (2017). Alexithymia as a Transdiagnostic Precursor to Empathy Abnormalities: The Functional Role of the Insula. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02234
Vanheule, S., Desmet. M., Meganck, R., & Bogaerts, S. (2007). Alexithymia and interpersonal problems. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(1),109-17. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20324.
Wearden, A. J., Tarrier, N., Barrowclough, C., Zastowny, T. R., & Rahill, A. A. (2005). A review of expressed emotion research in health care. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(1), 69-92. doi: 10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00008-2
Westwood, H., Kerr-Gaffney, J., Stahl, D., & Tchanturia, K. (2017). Alexithymia in eating disorders: Systematic review and meta-analyses of studies using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 99, 66-81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.06.007
Zhao, M.X., Fang, Y., Mai, Y. I., Zhao, J.I., Zhang, X.Y., & Zhao, J.B. (2021). The role of alexithymia in childhood trauma and suicide risk: A multi-group comparison between left-behind experience students and no left-behind experience students, Personality and Individual Differences,172. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110260
Berenbaum, H., & James, T. (1994). Correlates and retrospectively reported antecedents of alexithymia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56, 353–359. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200006)56.
Besharat, M.A. (2010). Relationship of alexithymia with coping styles and interpersonal problems. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 614-618. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.152.
Berthoz, S., & Hill, E. (2005). The validity of using self-reports to assess emotion regulation abilities in adults with autism spectrum disorder. European Psychiatry, 20(3), 291-298. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.06.013
Bird, G., & Viding, E. (2014). The self to other model of empathy: providing a new framework for understanding empathy impairments in psychopathy, autism, and alexithymia. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Review, 47, 520–532. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.021.
Bojner Horwitz, E., Lennartsson, A. K., Theorell, T. P., & Ullen, F. (2015). Engagement in dance is associated with emotional competence in interplay with others. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1096. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01096
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1988-98501-000
Brewer, R., Cook, R., & Bird, G. (2016). Alexithymia: a general deficit of interoception. Royal Society Open Science, 12(10),150-664. doi: 10.1098/rsos.150664.
Brüne, M. (2005). “Theory of mind” in schizophrenia: a review of the literature. Schizophrenia bulletin, 31(1), 21-42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbi002
Craig, D. (2015). How Do You Feel? An Interoceptive Moment with Your Neurobiological Self: Neurology Just Got More Interesting. British Journal of General Practice, 65(641):657–8. doi: 10.3399/bjgp15X687985.
De Rick, A. & Vanheule, S. (2006) The Relationship between Perceived Parenting, Adult Attachment Style and Alexithymia in Alcoholic Inpatients. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 1265-1270. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.08.010
De Rick, A., & Vanheule, S. (2007). Attachment styles in alcoholic inpatients. European Addiction Research. 13, 101–108. doi: 10.1159/000097940
Elizabeth, M., Jayne, H. W., & Alexandra, L. (2008). Understanding alexithymia: Associations with peer attachment style and mind-mindedness, Personality and Individual Differences, 45(2), 146-152. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.013.
Elmas, H. G., Cesur, G., & Oral, E. T. (2017). Alexithymia and Pathological Gambling: The Mediating Role of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 28(1). doi: 10.5080/u13779
Fossati, A., Acquarini, E., Feeney, J. A., Borroni, S., Grazioli, F., & Laura, E. (2009). Alexithymia and attachment insecurities in impulsive aggression. Attachment & Human Development, 11, 165–182. doi: 10.1080/14616730802625235
Franz, M., Popp, K., Schaefer, R., Sitte, W., Schneider, C., Hardt, J., & Braehler, E. (2008). Alexithymia in the German general population. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 43, 54-62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0265-1
Freyberger, H. (1997). Supportive psychotherapeutic techniques in primary and secondary alexithymia/discussion. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 28, 337–45. doi: 10.1159/000287080
Goldman, A. I. (1992). In defense of the simulation theory. Mind & Language, 7(1-2), 104–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.1992.tb00200.x
Härtwig, A. E., Sabine, A., Heekeren, H. R., & Heuser, I. (2020). No Words for Feelings? Not Only for My Own: Diminished Emotional Empathic Ability in Alexithymia. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,14. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00112
Joukamaa, M., Saarijärvi, S., Muuriaisniemi, M. L., & Salokangas, R. K. (1996). Alexithymia in a normal elderly population. Comprehensive psychiatry, 37(2), 144-147. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90576-3
Joukamaa, M., Pirkko, K., Minna, K., Juhani, J., Jussi, K., Jari, J., Juha, V., Kristian, L., & Marjo, J.M. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Finnish 20-item Toronto alexithymia scale. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 55(2), 123-127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480116694
Karukivi, M., Tolvanen, M., Karlsson, H., & Karlsson, L. (2015). Alexithymia and postpartum anxiety and depression symptoms: a follow-up study in a pregnancy cohort. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 36(4), 142-147. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/0167482X.2015.1089228
Kokkonen, P., Karvonen, J. T., Veijola, J., Läksy, K., Jokelainen, J., Järvelin, M. R., & Joukamaa, M. (2001). Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of alexithymia in a population sample of young adults. Comprehensive psychiatry, 42(6), 471-476. doi: https://doi.org/10.1053/comp.2001.27892
Laible, D. (2007). Attachment with parents and peers in late adolescence: Links with emotional competence and social behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(5),1185-1197. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.010
Lumley, M. A., Neely, L. C., & Burger, A. J. (2007). The assessment of alexithymia in medical settings: implications for understanding and treating health problems. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89(3), 230-246. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701629698
Marvin, R., Cooper, G., Hoffman K., & Powell, B. (2002). The Circle of Security project: attachment-based intervention with caregiver-pre-school child dyads. Attachment & Human Development, 4(1), 107-24. doi: 10.1080/14616730252982491.
McDougall, J. (1989). Theaters of the body: A psychoanalytic approach to psychosomatic illness. W. W. Norton & Company. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1989-98359-000
Moriguchi, Y., Decety, J., Ohnishi, T., Maeda, M., Mori, T., Nemoto, K., & Komaki, G. (2007). Empathy and judging other's pain: an fMRI study of alexithymia. Cerebral Cortex, 17(9), 2223-2234. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl130
Mul, C.L., Stagg, S.D., Herbelin, B., & Aspell, J.E. (2018). The Feeling of Me Feeling for You: Interoception, Alexithymia and Empathy in Autism. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorder, 48(9), 2953-2967. doi: 10.1007/s10803-018-3564-3.
Murphy, J., Brewer, R., Hobson, H., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2018). Is alexithymia characterized by impaired interoception? Further evidence, the importance of control variables, and the problems with the Heartbeat Counting Task. Biological Psychology. 136, 189-197. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.05.010.
Nemiah, J. C., & Sifneos, P. E. (1970). Affect and fantasy in patients with psychosomatic disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 127(12), 1653-1664. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01026
Nemiah, J. C., & Sifneos, P. E. (1972). Affect and fantasy in patients with psychosomatic disorders: Replication and extension. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 129(2), 211-216. Retrieved from http://www.antoniocasella.eu/archipsy/Parry_2012.pdf.
Oskis, A., Clow, A., Hucklebridge, F., Bifulco, A., & Jacobs, C. (2013). Understanding alexithymia in female adolescents: The role of attachment style. Personality and Individual Differences, 54 (1), 97-102. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.02
Paniccia, M., Paniccia, D., Thomas, S., Taha, T., & Reed, N. (2017). Clinical and non-clinical depression and anxiety in young people: A scoping review on heart rate variability. Autonomic Neuroscience, 208, 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2017.08.008.
Parker, J., Taylor, G., & Bagby, M. (2001). The relationship between emotional intelligence and alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 30 (1), 107-115. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00014-3.
Parker, J. D., Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2008). The 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: III. Reliability and factorial validity in a community population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(3), 279-285. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00578-0
Säkkinen, P., Kaltiala-Heino, R., Ranta, K., Haataja, R., & Joukamaa, M. (2007). Psychometric properties of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and prevalence of alexithymia in a Finnish adolescent population. Psychosomatics, 48(2), 154-161. doi: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.48.2.154
Schimmenti, A., & Caretti, V. (2018). Attachment, trauma, and alexithymia. Alexithymia: Advances in research, theory, and clinical practice, 127-141. Retrieved from: https://books.google.com.pk/books
Sifneos, P. E. (1973). The prevalence of “alexithymic” characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22(2-6), 255-262. doi: 10.1159/000286529
Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. (2003). The 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: IV. Reliability and factorial validity in different languages and cultures. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55(3), 277-283. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00601-3
Thorberg, F. A., Young, R. M., Sullivan, K. A., Lyvers, M., Hurst, C. P., Connor, J. P., Tyssen, R., London, E. D., Noble, E. P., & Feeney, G. F. X. (2016). A longitudinal mediational study on the stability of alexithymia among alcohol-dependent outpatients in cognitive–behavioral therapy. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(1), 64–72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000135
Valdespino, A., Antezana, L., Ghane, M., & Richey, J. (2017). Alexithymia as a Transdiagnostic Precursor to Empathy Abnormalities: The Functional Role of the Insula. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02234
Vanheule, S., Desmet. M., Meganck, R., & Bogaerts, S. (2007). Alexithymia and interpersonal problems. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(1),109-17. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20324.
Wearden, A. J., Tarrier, N., Barrowclough, C., Zastowny, T. R., & Rahill, A. A. (2005). A review of expressed emotion research in health care. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(1), 69-92. doi: 10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00008-2
Westwood, H., Kerr-Gaffney, J., Stahl, D., & Tchanturia, K. (2017). Alexithymia in eating disorders: Systematic review and meta-analyses of studies using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 99, 66-81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.06.007
Zhao, M.X., Fang, Y., Mai, Y. I., Zhao, J.I., Zhang, X.Y., & Zhao, J.B. (2021). The role of alexithymia in childhood trauma and suicide risk: A multi-group comparison between left-behind experience students and no left-behind experience students, Personality and Individual Differences,172. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110260
Published
2024-09-28
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Jahangir M, Zehra A. UNDERSTANDING ALEXITHYMIA: A PSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE. J Pak Psychiatr Soc [Internet]. 2024Sep.28 [cited 2024Oct.16];21(03). Available from: https://jpps.pk/index.php/journal/article/view/299
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Review Article
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