EFFICACY OF INTEGRATIVE SELF-REFLECTION INTERVENTIONS ON THE SELF-COMPASSION OF ADULTS WITH SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of the research was to explore the impact of an integrated approach to self-reflections by combining the interventions from Naikan Therapy and Expressive Arts therapy on adults with symptoms of depression. It was hypothesized that after the successful completion of ten bi-weekly psychotherapeutic sessions over a period of 7 weeks (including pre and post assessment), participants would have increased levels of self-compassion compared to the pre-test levels.
Research Design: The present research is a quasi-experimental research design. A total of eleven participants within the age range of 18-40 were included in the research using purposive sampling.
Place and Duration of the Study: 1 year, at Bahria University, Karachi Campus
Participants and Methods: Only participants who were experiencing symptoms of depression, between the age range of 18-40 and at least a 12th grade education level was included in the research. In addition to the Informed Consent Form, Demographic Information Form, Siddiqui Shah Scale of Depression (Siddiqui and Shah, 1997) and Self Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003) were used to assess the level of depressive symptoms and self-compassion of the participants before and after the intervention. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 22.0 was used for analysis and a paired sample t-test was conducted to see the differences between the pretest and posttest of the participants.
Results: Results indicated a significant increase in the levels of self-compassion from pretest (M=57, SD=6.67) to posttest (M=102, SD=10.09) conditions; t (10) = -1.45, P<0.05.
Conclusion: Integrative psychotherapies have been found to be effective in increasing awareness, improving self-awareness, improving mindfulness, and reducing self-critical thinking. Overall, these potential implications suggest that it may be an integrative form of therapy for individuals struggling with depression.
Downloads
References
Cox DW. Gender differences in professional consultation for a mental health concern: A Canadian population study. CanadianPsychology/Psychologiecanadienne.2014;55(2):68–74. doi:10.1037/a0036296
Driessen E, Hollon SD. Cognitive behavioral therapy for mood disorders: efficacy, moderators and mediators. PsychiatrClinNorthAm.2010;33(3):537-555.doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.005
Hu J, Zhang J, Hu L, Yu H, Xu J. Art Therapy: A Complementary Treatment for Mental Disorders. Front Psychol.2021;12:686005.doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.686005
Khan MN, Akhtar P, Ijaz S, Waqas A. Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms Among University Students in Pakistan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front PublicHealth.2021;8:603357.doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.603357
Zhang H, Watson-Singleton NN, Pollard SE, et al. Self-Criticism and Depressive Symptoms: Mediating Role of Self-Compassion. Omega (Westport). 2019;80(2):202-223. doi:10.1177/0030222817729609
LópezA,SandermanR,SchroeversMJ.Acloseexamination of the relationship between self-compassion anddepressivesymptoms.Mindfulness.2018;9(5):1470–8. doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0891-6
Neff KD. The development and validation of a scale to measureself-compassion.SelfIdentity.2003;2(3):223–250. doi:10.1080/15298860309027
Körner A, Coroiu A, Copeland L, et al. The Role of Self-Compassion in Buffering Symptoms of Depression in the General Population [published correction appears in PLoS One.2015;10(10):e0142027].PLoSOne.2015;10(10):e0136598.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136598
ForoughiA, SadeghiK, ParvizifardA, etal. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for reducing rumination and improving mindfulness and self-compassion in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2020;42(2):138-146. doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0016
Reynolds DK. Flowing Bridges, Quiet Waters: Japanese Psychotherapies, Morita and Naikan (SUNY series in Trans personal and humanistic psychology). State University of New York Press; 1989.
Tashiro S, Hosoda S, Kawahara R. [Prolonged depression: Psychological changes and long-term efficacy of intensive Naikan therapy]. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi 2004; 106: 431–457 (in Japanese).
Rozum AL, Malchiodi CA. Cognitive-Behaviorial Approaches. In: Handbook of art therapy. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2003. p. 72–81.
Bosman JT, Bood ZM, Scherer-Rath M, et al. The effects of art therapy on anxiety, depression, and quality of life in adults with cancer: a systematic literature review. Support Care Cancer.2021;29(5):2289-2298.doi:10.1007/s00520-020-05869-0
Zarbo C, Tasca GA, Cattafi F, Compare A. Integrative Psychotherapy Works. Front Psychol. 2016;6:2021.doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02021
Siddiqui S, Ali Shah SA. Siddiqui-Shah. Depression Scale (SSDS): Development and validation. Psychology and Developing Societies.1997;9(2):245–62.doi:10.1177/097133369700900205
Darley S, Cohen GD, Darley M, Heath W. The Expressive Arts Activity Book: A Resource For Professionals. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2008.
Krech G. Naikan: Gratitude, grace, and the Japanese art of self-reflection. Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press; 2002. 18.Krech G. A Natural Approach to Mental Wellness: Japanese psychology and the skills we need for psychological and Spiritual Health. Monkton, VT: To Do Institute; 2015.
Krech G. A natural approach to mental wellness [online course]. Todo. Thirtythousanddays.https://www.thirtythousanddays.org/residential-certification-program/; 2020
Fujisaki C. A Study Evaluating Mindfulness and Naikan-Based Therapy: AEON-HO for Attachment Style, Self-Actualization,and Depression. Psychol Rep.2020;123(2):239-251. doi:10.1177/0033294118811106
Silva CO. Demystifying Japanese therapy: An analysis of Naikan and the Ajase complex through Buddhist thought. Ethos. 2007 Dec;35(4):411-46.
Dunphy K, Mullane S, Jacobsson M. The effectiveness of expressive arts therapies: A review of the literature. Psychotherapy and Counselling. Journal of Australia. 2014;2(1). doi:10.59158/001c.71004
Han XB, Fang YQ, Liu SX, et al. Efficacy of combined naikan and morita therapies on psychological distress and posttraumatic growth in Chinese patients with advanced cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore).2021;100(30):e26701.doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000026701
Copyright © JPPS. Published by Pakistan Psychiatric Society
Licensing: This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Readers may “Share-copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format” and “Adapt-remix, transform, and build upon the material”. The readers must give appropriate credit to the source of the material and indicate if changes were made to the material. Readers may not use the material for commercial purposes. The readers may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
.png)
