EXPLORATION OF INTERNALISED STIGMA AND EMOTIONAL DISTRESS AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES

  • Sibgha Sheikh bahria university lahore campus
  • Khawer Bilal Baig Bahria University lahore campus ..
  • Nayab Ashraf Bahria University Lahore campus, Pakistan
Keywords: Internalized stigma, emotional distress, psychiatric disorders, Anxiety Disorders; Mood Disorders; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Pakistan; Psychological Distress; Stigma.

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
To explore the level of internalized stigma and emotional distress in people with different psychiatric disorders including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and obsessive compulsive disorders.
STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional comparative study
PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY
Department of Psychiatry at the Services Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan from 1st June 2021 to August 2022 (period of one year).
METHOD
A total of 180 participants which comprised 60 with each psychiatric condition (anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and obsessive compulsive disorders) were recruited from psychiatric department (Ward/OPD) using Purposive and convenience quota sampling technique. Internalized stigma was measured using the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Inventory (ISMI) Scale, while emotional distress was examined using the Perceived Emotional Distress Inventory (PEDI).
RESULTS
Variations of stigma in different psychiatric populations experiencing mood disorders, anxiety disorders and OCD were observed. It was found that the higher the experience of internalized stigma, higher the levels of emotional distress.
CONCLUSION
The research observed the variations in impact of internalized stigma among individuals with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and OCD. It was also found that the higher the experience of internalised stigma, the higher were the levels of emotional distress.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aromaa, E. (2011). Attitudes Towards People with Mental Disorders in a General Population in Finland (Publication Number 69) Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland]. National Institute for Health and Welfare. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-245-525-3
Boyd, J. E., Adler, E. P., Otilingam, P. G., & Peters, T. (2014). Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale: a multinational review. Compr. Psychiatry, 55, 221–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.06.005
Campbell, S., & Cohn, J. (1997). The timing and chronicity of postpartum depression: Implications for infant development. In L. Murray & P. Cooper (Eds.), Postpartum Depression and Child Development (pp. 165-197). Guilford Press. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/83f6/0d5b2ae41c6adc9f7d85838ce37eebb87a95.pdf
Khan, N., Kausar, R., & Farooq, A. (2015). Gender Differences among Discrimination & Stigma Experienced by Depressive Patients in Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci, 31(6), 1432-1436. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.316.8454
Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In (pp. 61-89). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. http://www.psych.purdue.edu/~willia55/392F-%2706/Dovidio&Gaertner.
Alonso, J., Buron, A., Rojas-Farreras, S., De Graaf, R., Haro, J. M., De Girolamo, G., Bruffaerts, R., Kovess, V., Matschinger, H., & Vilagut, G. J. J. o. a. d. (2009). Perceived stigma among individuals with common mental disorders. 118(1-3), 180-186.
Jasko, A. (2012). The Scarlet Letter of Mental Illness: De-stigmatizing Bipolar Disorder. Pastor Psychol, 61, 299-304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-012-0436
Shrivastava, A., Johnston M., & Bureau Y. (2012). Stigma of Mental Illness-2: Non-compliance and Intervention. Mens sana monographs, 10(1), 85-97. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353608
Watson, A., Corrigan, P., Larson, J., & Sells, M. (2007). Self-Stigma in People With Mental Illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(6), 1312-1318. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbl076
Rüsch, N., Corrigan, P. W., Todd, A. R., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Implicit Self- stigma in People with Mental Illness. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(2), 150-153. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181cc43b5
Livingston, J., & Boyd, J. (2010). Correlates and Consequences of Internalized Stigma for People Living with Mental Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 71(12), 2150-2161. https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/socmed/v71y2010i12p2150-2161.html
Rauf, U., & Ali, U. (2016). Prevalence of internakized stigma in persons with severe mental illnesses in karachi, Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society, 13(1), 30-33. https://web.a.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=17268710&AN=116602962&h=7mcOoHw6hF7BzREJvNDMlVy9dJtVrJewkMiDr4bJRQ2zB%2ffho6eI5gUjuq0VQkbmoQqPwqCuQfnoN11jy4kJ4Q%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d17268710%26AN%3d116602962
Khan, N., Kausar, R., Khalid, A., & Farooq, A. (2015). Differences among Discrimination & Stigma Experienced by Depressive Patients in Pakistan. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 31(6), 1432-1436. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.316.8454
Mosocoso, L., Lengacher. A. C., & Reheriser. C.E. (1978). The Assessment of their perceived Emotional distress (The Neglected Side of Cancer Care, Issue.
Nida, Z., & Rukhsana, K. (2104). Emotional and Social Problems in Divorced and Married Women. FWU Journal of Social Science, 8(1), 31-35. https://doi.org/http://www.sbbwu.edu.pk/journal/FWU_Journal_Summer2014,Vol.8,No.1/5_Emotional_and_Social_Problems_in_Divorced.pdf
Sheehan.I., Niewegloweki, K., & Corrigan, P. W. (2017). Structure and Types of Stigma. In The Stigma of Mental Illness-End of Story? (pp. 43-66). Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1_3
Damani, S. S. (2018). Mental Illness in Pakistan: A Subject of Stigma, Ridicule, and Cultural Insensitivity. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 22(1), 11-13. http://blogs.jpmsonline.com/2018/01/28/mental-illness-in-pakistan-a-subject-of-stigma-ridicule-and-cultural-insensitivity/
ciskova, M., Prasko, J., & Sedlackova, Z. (2015). Individual Correlates of Self-stigma in patients with Anxiety Disorders with and without Comorbidities. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 11, 1767-1779. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S87737
Valentine, K. (2021). What Happens if OCD Is Not Treated? Here’s What You Can Expect. NOCD. https://www.treatmyocd.com/blog/what-happens-if-ocd-is-not-treated
Dekker, J. J., Theunissen, J., Van, R., Peen, J., Duurkoop, P., & Kikkert, M. (2010). Victimization of patients with severe psychiatric disorders: Prevalence, risk factors, protective factors and consequences for mental health: A longitudinal study. BioMedCentral Public Health, 10, 687. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com › 10.1186
Khawaja, N. (2013). The Stigmatisation of Mental Illnesses. Health Science Journal, 15(1), 95-108. https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/03/15/the-stigmatisation-of-mental-illnesses/
Wood, L., Byrne, R., Burke , E., Enache, G., & Morrison, A. (2017). The impact of stigma on emotional distress and recovery from psychosis: The mediatory role of internalised shame and self-esteem. Psychiatry Res, 255, 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.016
Published
2025-03-27
How to Cite
1.
Sheikh S, Bilal Baig K, Ashraf N. EXPLORATION OF INTERNALISED STIGMA AND EMOTIONAL DISTRESS AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES . J Pak Psychiatr Soc [Internet]. 2025Mar.27 [cited 2025Apr.1];22(1). Available from: https://jpps.pk/index.php/journal/article/view/191