IMPACT OF USE OF SOCIAL APPLICATIONS AND APPEARANCE-RELATED CONSCIOUSNESS ON BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER SYMPTOMS AND LOWER SELF-ESTEEM AMONG FEMALES
Keywords:
social applications, appearance-related consciousness, body dysmorphic disorder, self-esteem
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the impact of use of social applications and appearance-related consciousness on Body dysmorphic disorder symptoms and lower self-esteem among females.
Research Design: Study uses cross-sectional research design to examine the association of social applications and appearance-related consciousness with symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder and lower self-esteem.
Place and duration of study: The study was conducted in 6 months at Riphah International University from January to August 2022.
Methods: A total of 200 females were approached via convenience sampling for this study from universities, colleges and workplace of Pakistan. Female participants of age range young adults i. e. 17-35 years were included in study. Females actively using social media for more than 6 months were recruited.
Results: According to the results it was found that social application use and appearance-related conciseness both were positively related to symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder. However, it was showed that social application use and appearance-related conciseness were negatively related to self -esteem.
Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that individuals who excessively use social applications and are more likely to be unhappy with their own body image and experience more negative feelings after viewing appealing self-images on social media. Higher body dysmorphic and worse self-esteem were revealed to be positively correlated with appearance-related awareness.
References
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29. Przybylski AK, Murayama K, DeHaan CR, Gladwell V. Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior. 2013; 29(4), pp.1841–1848. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014.
30. Cash TF, Phillips KA, Santos MT, & Hrabosky JI. Measuring “negative body image”: Validation of the body image disturbance questionnaire in a nonclinical population. Body Image.2004; 1, 363-372.
31. Rosenberg M. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). 1965 APA PsycTests.
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37. Ridolfi DR, Taryn AM, Janis HC, Jeffery AC. Do Appearance Focused Cognitive Distortions Moderate the Relationship between Social Comparisons to Peers and Media Images and Body Image Disturbance?, Sex Roles. 2011;65 : 491-505
2. Haferkamp N, Krämer NC. Social comparison 2.0: examining the effects of online profiles on social-networking sites. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011;14(5):309-314. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0120
3. de Vries DA, Peter J, de Graaf H, Nikken P. Adolescents' Social Network Site Use, Peer Appearance-Related Feedback, and Body Dissatisfaction: Testing a Mediation Model. J Youth Adolesc. 2016;45(1):211-224. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0266-4
4. Vogel EA, Rose JP, Roberts LR, Eckles K. Social Media, social comparison, and self-esteem. PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2014. doi:10.1037/e512142015-699
5. Moreno MA, Kota R, Schoohs S, Whitehill JM. The Facebook influence model: a concept mapping approach. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2013;16(7):504-511. doi:10.1089/cyber.2013.0025
6. Deighton-Smith, N., Bell, BT. Objectifying fitness: A content and thematic analysis of #fitspiration images on social media. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 2018; 7(4), 467–483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000143
7. Jones DC, Vigfusdottir TH, Lee Y. Body image and the appearance culture among adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Adolescent Research. 2004; 19(3), 323–339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743558403258847
8. Choukas-Bradley S, Nesi J, Widman L, Galla BM. The Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness Scale: Development and validation with adolescents. Body Image. 2020;33:164-174. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.02.017
9. Choukas-Bradley S, Nesi J, Widman L, Higgins MK. Camera-ready: Young women’s appearance-related social media consciousness. Psychology of Popular Media Culture.2018 https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000196
10. American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (5 th ed.). Washington, DC, United States: American Psychiatric Publishing.
11. Maslach C, Leiter MP. Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2016;15(2):103-111. doi:10.1002/wps.20311
12. Lambrou C, Veale D, Wilson G. Appearance concerns comparisons among persons with body dysmorphic disorder and nonclinical controls with and without aesthetic training. Body Image. 2012;9(1):86-92. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.08.001
13. Holland G, Tiggemann M. A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body Image. 2016;17:100-110. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.008
14. Coopersmith S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company.
15. Heatherton, TF, Wyland CL. Assessing self-esteem. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures 2003; (pp. 219–233). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10612-014
16. Feinstein BA, Hershenberg R, Bhatia V, Latack JA, Meuwly N, Davila J. Negative Social Comparison on Facebook and Depressive Symptoms: Rumination as a Mechanism. Psychology of popular media culture. 2013; 2,161-170.
17. Saunders JF, Eaton AA. Snaps, Selfies, and Shares: How Three Popular Social Media Platforms Contribute to the Sociocultural Model of Disordered Eating Among Young Women. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2018;21(6):343-354. doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0713
18. Lambrou C, Veale D, Wilson G. Appearance concerns comparisons among persons with body dysmorphic disorder and nonclinical controls with and without aesthetic training. Body Image. 2012;9(1):86-92. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.08.001
19. Hendrickse J, Arpan LM,, Clayton RB, Ridgway JL. Instagram and college women's body image: Investigating the roles of appearance-related comparisons and intrasexual competition. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2017; 74, 92-100.
20. Taqui AM, Shaikh M, Gowani SA, et al. Body Dysmorphic Disorder: gender differences and prevalence in a Pakistani medical student population. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8:20. Published 2008 Apr 9. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-20
21. Manago AM, Ward LM, Lemm KM, Reed L, Seabrook R. Facebook Involvement, Objectified Body Consciousness, Body Shame, and Sexual Assertiveness in College Women and Men. Sex Roles. 2014; 72(1-2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0441-1
22. Hanna E, Ward LM, Seabrook RC, et al. Contributions of Social Comparison and Self-Objectification in Mediating Associations Between Facebook Use and Emergent Adults' Psychological Well-Being. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2017;20(3):172-179. doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0247
23. Fardouly J, Vartanian LR. Negative comparisons about one's appearance mediate the relationship between Facebook usage and body image concerns. Body Image. 2015;12:82-88. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.10.004
24. FestingerL. A Theory of Social Comparison Processes. Human Relations. 1994;7, 117 - 140.
25. Leehey MA, Berry-Kravis E, Min SJ, et al. Progression of tremor and ataxia in male carriers of the FMR1 premutation. Mov Disord. 2007;22(2):203-206. doi:10.1002/mds.21252
26. Lin L, Soby M. Is listening to fat talk the same as participating in fat talk?. Eat Disord. 2017;25(2):165-172. doi:10.1080/10640266.2016.1255106
27. Laker V, Waller G. Does comparison of self with others influence body image among adult women? An experimental study in naturalistic settings. Eat Weight Disord. 2022;27(2):597-604. doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01196-3
28. Khan AN, Khalid S, Khan HI, Jabeen M. Impact of today's media on university student's body image in Pakistan: a conservative, developing country's perspective. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:379. Published 2011 May 24. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-379
29. Przybylski AK, Murayama K, DeHaan CR, Gladwell V. Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior. 2013; 29(4), pp.1841–1848. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014.
30. Cash TF, Phillips KA, Santos MT, & Hrabosky JI. Measuring “negative body image”: Validation of the body image disturbance questionnaire in a nonclinical population. Body Image.2004; 1, 363-372.
31. Rosenberg M. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). 1965 APA PsycTests.
32. Ho TT, Warr MR, Adelman ER, et al. Autophagy maintains the metabolism and function of young and old stem cells. Nature. 2017;543(7644):205-210. doi:10.1038/nature21388
33. McComb SE, Mills JS. Young women's body image following upwards comparison to Instagram models: The role of physical appearance perfectionism and cognitive emotion regulation. Body Image. 2021;38:49-62. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.03.012
34. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Social Networking Sites and Addiction: Ten Lessons Learned. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(3):311. Published 2017 Mar 17. doi:10.3390/ijerph14030311
35. Boursier V, Gioia F, Griffiths MD. Objectified Body Consciousness, Body Image Control in Photos, and Problematic Social Networking: The Role of Appearance Control Beliefs. Front Psychol. 2020;11:147. Published 2020 Feb 25. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00147
36. Raudsepp L, Kais K. Longitudinal associations between problematic social media use and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. Prev Med Rep. 2019;15:100925. Published 2019 Jun 21. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100925
37. Ridolfi DR, Taryn AM, Janis HC, Jeffery AC. Do Appearance Focused Cognitive Distortions Moderate the Relationship between Social Comparisons to Peers and Media Images and Body Image Disturbance?, Sex Roles. 2011;65 : 491-505
Published
2022-12-31
How to Cite
Waqar, L., Mazhar, A. F., Rafique, M., & Rehman, M. (2022). IMPACT OF USE OF SOCIAL APPLICATIONS AND APPEARANCE-RELATED CONSCIOUSNESS ON BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER SYMPTOMS AND LOWER SELF-ESTEEM AMONG FEMALES. Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society, 19(04). Retrieved from https://jpps.pk/index.php/journal/article/view/184
Section
Articles
